Diaminofluorescein derivatives

ABSTRACT

A compound represented by the following formula (I): 
                         
wherein R 1  and R 2  represent amino groups that substitute at adjacent positions on the phenyl ring, provided that either of R 1  and R 2  represents a mono(C 1-6  alkyl)-substituted amino group and the other represents an unsubstituted amino group; and R 3  and R 4  independently represent hydrogen atom or an acyl group, and an agent for measurement of nitrogen monoxide which comprises said compound.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/989,280,filed Nov. 17, 2004, now abandoned which is a continuation ofapplication Ser. No. 10/412,300, filed Apr. 14, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No.6,833,386 which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 10/140,059,filed May 8, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,892 B2, which is acontinuation of application Ser. No. 09/487,830, filed Jan. 20, 2000,now U.S. Pat. No. 6,441,197 B1. The entire disclosures of applicationSer. Nos. 10/989,280, 10/412,300, 10/140,059 and 09/487,830 areconsidered as being part of the disclosure of this application, and theentire disclosure of application Ser. Nos. 10/989,280, 10/412,300,10/140,059 and 09/487,830 are expressly incorporated by reference hereinin their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to fluorescein derivatives which areuseful as agents for measurement of nitrogen monoxide. It also relatesto agents for measuring nitrogen monoxide which comprise said compound.

RELATED ART

Nitrogen monoxide (NO) is an unstable radical having a short life, andit has been elucidated that nitrogen monoxide has important functions asa physiologically active substance in a living body (featured in GendaiKagaku (Chemistry Today), April, 1994). Methods for measuring nitrogenmonoxide are mainly classified into indirect methods where oxidativedegradation products of nitrogen monoxide such as NO₂ ⁻ or NO₃ ⁻ aremeasured, and methods where nitrogen monoxide is directly measured. Thedirect methods have been focused from the standpoint that they achievedetection and quantification of nitrogen monoxide under physiologicalcondition. However, no measuring method has been developed to date thathas sufficient specificity and high sensitivity and is applicable to anin vitro system.

For example, a chemiluminescence method which utilizes luminescenceemitted during an ozonic oxidation of NO radicals (Palmer, R. M., etal., Nature, 327, pp. 524-526, 1987); a method which comprises the stepof measuring an absorption spectrum of metHb that is produced by anoxidation of oxyhemoglobin (O₂Hb) (Kelm, M., et al., Circ. Res. 66, pp.1561-1575, 1990); a method which comprises the step of measuringelectric current generated during an oxidation by means of electrodesthat are inserted into a tissue (Shibuki, K., Neurosci. Res. 9, pp.69-76, 1990; Malinski, T., Nature, 356, pp. 676-678, 1992); and theGriess reaction method (Green, L. C., et al., Anal. Biochem., 126, pp.131-138, 1992) are known as typical methods (as reviews, see, “3. Methodfor measurement of NO,” by Tetsuo Nagano, pp. 42-52, “Approach from theLatest Medicine 12, NO” edited by Noboru Toda, published by Medical ViewCo., Ltd.; and Archer, S., FASEB J., 7, pp. 349-360, 1993).

The Griess reaction method comprises a detection step that utilizes azocoupling between naphthylethylenediamine and a diazonium salt compoundformed with NO₂ ⁻ which is generated by the oxidation of nitrogenmonoxide radicals. This method is advantageous because it does notrequire particular apparatuses or techniques, although nitrogen monoxideradicals are not directly measured by the method. In addition, NO₃ ⁻ canalso be measured after being reduced to NO₂ ⁻ by using cadmium(Stainton, M. P., Anal. Chem., 46, p. 1616, 1974; Green, L. C., et al.,Anal. Biochem., 126, pp. 131-138, 1982) or hydrazine (Sawicki, C. R. andScaringelli, F. P., Microchem. J., 16, pp. 657-672, 1971), andaccordingly, the method also has characteristic feature that it enablesthe measurement of metabolites related to nitrogen monoxide.

2,3-Diaminonaphthalene has also been known as an agent for measuringnitrogen monoxide by detecting NO₂ ⁻ as in a similar manner to Griessreaction method. This agent reacts with NO₂ ⁻ under an acidic conditionto form a fluorescent adduct, i.e., naphthalenetriazole (chemical name:1-[H]-naphtho[2,3-d]triazole) (Wiersma, J. H., Anal. Lett., 3, pp.123-132, 1970). Details of the reaction conditions of2,3-diaminonaphthalene and NO₂ ⁻ have been studied, and it has beenfound that the reaction proceeds most rapidly at a pH not higher than 2,and completes in about 5 minutes at room temperature (Wiersma, J. H.,Anal. Lett., 3, pp. 123-132, 1970; Sawicki, C. R., Anal. Lett., 4, pp.761-775, 1971). The resulting adduct emits fluorescence most efficientlyat a pH not lower than 10 (Damiani, P. and Burini, G., Talanta, 8, pp.649-652, 1986).

The method for measuring nitrogen monoxide using the above2,3-diaminonaphthalene has characteristic features of 50- to 100-foldhigher sensitivity compared to the Griess reaction method, since itsdetection limit is as low as approximately several tens nM (Misko, T.P., Anal. Biochem. 214, pp. 11-16, 1993). This method is highlyadvantageous because it needs no particular apparatus or technique andcan be carried out conveniently (as a review of the aforementionedmethod, see, DOJIN News. No. 74, Information, “An agent for thedetermination of NO: 2,3-diaminonaphthalene,” Dojindo Laboratories Inc.,1995). However, the method does not utilize nitrogen monoxide, per se,but utilizes an oxidation product, i.e., NO₂ ⁻, as a reactant.Accordingly, the method is considered as an indirect method whencompared to those including direct measurement of nitrogen monoxide.Furthermore,, because the reaction of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene with NO₂ ⁻is carried out under a strongly acidic condition (pH not higher than 2),the method has a problem in that it cannot be employed for detection orquantification of nitrogen monoxide under a physiological condition.

The inventors of the present invention conducted researches to provide ameans that enables direct and highly sensitive measurement of nitrogenmonoxide under a physiological condition, and as a result, they foundthat nitrogen monoxide can efficiently react with 2;3-diaminonaphthaleneor its derivatives, even under a neutral condition, in the presence ofan oxygen source such as dissolved oxygen or oxide compounds (e.g., PTIOand derivatives thereof such as carboxy-PTIO), and a fluorescentnaphthalenetriazole or a derivative thereof is obtained. They also foundthat a method for measuring nitrogen monoxide utilizing the abovereaction has extremely high detection sensitivity, and can achieveaccurate quantification of very small amount of nitrogen monoxide (see,the specification of Japanese Patent Application No. Hei 7-189978).

However, the aforementioned method utilizing 2,3-diaminonaphthalenerequires the irradiation with excitation light having a short wavelengthof approximately 370-390 nm for the detection of fluorescence, and thismay cause damages to cells and/or tissues in a measurement system.Strong autofluorescence of cells, per se, may, also possibly affect themeasurement, and moreover, there is a problem that a fluorescence filterprovided on a usual fluorescence microscope fails to sufficiently cutoff excitation light during fluorescence measurement. In addition, thefluorescent triazole compound formed from 2,3-diaminonaphthalene hasrather insufficient fluorescence intensity, and therefore, it isdifficult to achieve accurate measurement of intracellular fluorescenceof an individual cell by ordinary fluorescence microscopy. Since2,3-diaminonaphthalene itself has a simple chemical structure, there isalso a problem that the compound is not suitable as a fundamentalstructure for various chemical modifications so as to achieveintracellular localization of an agent.

As a method for measuring nitrogen monoxide that solved these problems,the inventors of the present invention proposed a method utilizing aclass of diaminofluorescein derivatives (U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,590). Byusing the derivatives, nitrogen monoxide can be measured with anexcitation light having a long wavelength that gives no damage to livingtissues or cells, and intracellularly existing nitrogen monoxide can beaccurately measured for each individual cell. The diaminofluoresceinderivatives are extremely satisfactory agents from the standpoints ofreactivity with nitrogen monoxide and measurement sensitivity. However,the derivatives have a problem that the fluorescence intensity of thetriazole derivatives produced through the reaction with nitrogenmonoxide slightly increases in the weakly basic to weakly acidic region.Moreover, the triazole compounds also have a problem of instability tolight. For these reasons, it has been desired to develop an agent formeasurement of nitrogen monoxide that gives no change in fluorescenceintensity due to alteration in pH, and produces a fluorescent substancethat is stable to light.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide compounds which areuseful for measurement of nitrogen monoxide. More specifically, theobject of the present invention is to provide compounds that enable themeasurement of nitrogen monoxide by means of excitation light having along wavelength which does not cause damages to living tissues andcells, and can efficiently react with nitrogen monoxide under a neutralcondition to provide a fluorescent substance having excellentfluorescence intensity, which fluorescent substance has stability tolight and whose fluorescence intensity is not affected by alteration inpH.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an agent formeasuring nitrogen monoxide which comprises a compound having theaforementioned characteristic features. More specifically, the object isto provide an agent for measuring nitrogen monoxide which enablesaccurate measurement of intracellularly existing nitrogen monoxide forindividual cells.

The inventors of the present invention made efforts to achieve theforegoing objects, and as a result, they found that a particular classof fluorescein derivatives, which themselves emit almost nofluorescence, can easily react with nitrogen monoxide under a neutralcondition, and give triazole compounds having high fluorescenceintensity. They also found that the triazole derivatives can emit strongfluorescence at approximately 515 nm when irradiated with excitationlight having a longer wavelength of about 495 nm, and that thederivatives gave substantially no change in fluorescence intensity fromweakly basic to weakly acidic regions and the derivatives were stable tolight. They further found that intracellular nitrogen monoxideconcentrations in individual cells were accurately and convenientlymeasurable by using these compounds as an agent for measuring nitrogenmonoxide. The present invention was achieved on the basis of thesefindings.

The present invention thus provides a compound represented by thefollowing formula (I):

wherein R¹ and R² represent amino groups that substitute at adjacentpositions on the phenyl ring, provided that either of R¹ and R²represents a mono(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-substituted amino group and the otherrepresents an unsubstituted amino group; and R³ and R⁴ independentlyrepresent hydrogen atom or an acyl group.

According to preferred embodiments of the present invention, there areprovided the aforementioned compound wherein the monoalkyl-substitutedamino group represented by either of R¹ and R² is a monomethylaminogroup; and the aforementioned compound wherein both of R³ and R⁴represent hydrogen atom.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there is providedan agent for measurement of nitrogen monoxide which comprises theaforementioned compound.

According to further aspect of the present invention, there is provideda compound represented by the following formula (II):

wherein R¹¹ and R¹² combine together to form a group represented by—N═N—N(R¹⁹)— which forms a ring structure at adjacent positions on thephenyl ring, wherein R¹⁹ represents a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, or R¹¹ and R¹²represent a combination of an amino group and a nitro group whichsubstitute at adjacent positions on the phenyl ring; and R¹³ and R¹⁴independently represent hydrogen atom or an acyl group.

The present invention further provides a method for measuring nitrogenmonoxide which comprises the steps of:

-   (1) reacting a compound represented by the above formula (I) with    nitrogen monoxide; and-   (2) detecting a compound of the formula (II) formed by the above    step (1).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows changes in fluorescence intensity of the triazolederivatives disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,590 (DAF-2T and DAF-5T) andDAF-FM T due to alteration in pH.

FIG. 2 shows photostability of the triazole derivatives disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,874,590 (DAF-1T, DAF-2T, DAF-4T and DAF-5T) and DAF-FMT.

FIG. 3 shows results of measurement of nitrogen monoxide formedextracellularly by bovine aorta endothelial cells.

FIG. 4 shows results of measurement of nitrogen monoxide formedintracellularly by bovine aorta endothelial cells.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

In the above general formula (I), R¹ and R² represent amino groups whichsubstitute at adjacent positions on the phenyl ring. Either of R¹ and R²represents a mono(C₁₋₆ alkyl)substituted amino group, and the otherrepresents an unsubstituted amino group. The C₁₋₆ alkyl groupconstituting the mono(C₁₋₆ alkyl)substituted amino group may be straightor branched. More specifically, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propylgroup, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl groupand the like may be used. Other C₁₋₆ alkyl groups or C₁₋₆ alkyl moietiesof functional groups containing a C₁₋₆ alkyl moiety, which are referredto in the specification, may be similar to those explained above.

R³ and R⁴ independently represent hydrogen atom or an acyl group.Examples of the acyl group include, for example, an arylcarbonyl groupsuch as benzoyl group, p-methoxybenzoyl group, p-chlorobenzoyl group, ornaphthylcarbonyl group; a C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl group such as acetyl group,propionyl group, or butanoyl group and the like. Preferably, R³ and R⁴are independently hydrogen atom or an acetyl group, and most preferably,both of R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen atoms or both are acetyl groups.

In the aforementioned formula (II), R¹¹ and R¹² combine together torepresent the group —N═N—N(R¹⁹)— which forms a ring structure atadjacent positions on the phenyl ring. R¹⁹ represents a C₁₋₆ alkylgroup. R¹¹ and R¹² also represent a combination of an amino group and anitro group which substitute at adjacent positions on the phenyl ring,wherein either of R¹¹ and R¹² represents an amino group and the otherrepresents a nitro group. The amino group represented by R¹¹ or R¹² maybe unsubstituted, or may have one C₁₋₆ alkyl group. The amino group mayhave an acyl group such as acetyl group, trifluoroacetyl group, orbenzoyl group, or a protective group such as alkylsilyl groups includingtrimethylsilyl group. An arylalkyl group such as benzyl group may alsobe used as the protective group.

R¹³ and R¹⁴ independently represent hydrogen atom or an acyl group. Asthe acyl group, for example, an arylcarbonyl group such as benzoylgroup, p-methoxybenzoyl group, p-chlorobenzoyl group, ornaphthylcarbonyl group; a C₁₋₆ alkylcarbonyl group such as acetyl group,propionyl group, or butanoyl group and the like may be used. Preferably,R¹³ and R¹⁴ independently represent hydrogen atom or acetyl group, andmost preferably, both of R¹³ and R¹⁴ are hydrogen atoms or acetylgroups.

The compounds of the formula (I) and the formula (II) wherein R¹¹ andR¹²represent the combination of an amino group and a nitro groupsubstituting at adjacent positions on the phenyl ring can be prepared,for example, according to the methods described in U.S. Pat. No.5,874,590, and the details of the methods will be specifically explainedin the example section of the specification. It will be understood thatthe compounds of the formula (II) are useful as synthetic intermediatecompounds for the preparation of the compounds of the formula (I). Amongthe compounds represented by the formula (II), those wherein R¹¹ and R¹²combine together to represent the group —N═N—N(R¹⁹)— that forms a ringstructure at adjacent positions on the phenyl ring can be prepared byreacting the compounds of the aforementioned formula (I) with nitrogenmonoxide. These compounds are highly fluorescent as explained later, andare useful for the measurement of nitrogen monoxide.

By referring to the methods for preparation of the fluoresceinderivatives described in the aforementioned publication and specificexplanations in the examples, one of ordinarily skilled artisan willreadily understand that the compounds falling within the scope of theformula (I) and the formula (II) can easily be prepared. Methods forpreparing fluorescein derivatives having variety of substituents areknown, and therefore, those skilled in the art can readily prepare anycompounds that fall within the formula (I) and (II) by combining knownmethods available to skilled artisan with the methods disclosed in theexamples of the specification.

The compounds of the formula (I) and the formula (II) according to thepresent invention may have one or more asymmetric carbon atoms. Anyoptical isomers of the compounds based on one or more asymmetric carbonatoms which are optically pure forms, any mixtures of the opticalisomers, racemates, diastereoisomers in pure forms, mixtures of thediastereoisomers and the like fall within the scope of the presentinvention. The compounds of the formula (I) and the formula (II) of thepresent invention may exist as base addition salts such as sodium saltsor potassium salts, or acid addition salts such as hydrochlorides,sulfates, or p-toluenesulfonates. Any one of these salts also fallswithin the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, the compounds ofthe present invention in free form or in the form of a salt may exist ashydrates or solvates, and it should be understood that they also fallwithin the scope of the present invention, and they can be utilized asthe agent for measurement of the present invention.

Fluorescein derivatives are known to exist also as compounds without theformation of a lactone ring, i.e.,9-(o-carboxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-one derivatives. Thecompounds of the present invention may also exist in the form of theaforementioned structural isomer, and it will be readily understood bythose skilled in the art that they also fall within the scope of thepresent invention. In the formulas (I) and (II), and in the schemes setout above, only compounds having a lactone ring are shown forconvenience.

Thus, the present invention is also directed to a compound representedby the following formula (I′):

wherein R¹ and R² represent amino groups that substitute at adjacentpositions on the phenyl ring, provided that either of R¹ and R²represents a mono(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-substituted amino group and the otherrepresents an unsubstituted amino group and wherein R³ representshydrogen atom or an alkyl group and R⁴ represents hydrogen atom or anacyl group. Moreover, the monoalkyl-substituted amino group representedby either of R¹ and; R² can be a monomethylamino group, and both of R³and R⁴ can represent hydrogen atoms.

Moreover, the present invention is also directed to a compoundrepresented by the following formula (II′):

wherein R¹¹ and R¹² combine together to form a group represented by—N═N—N(R¹⁹)— which forms a ring structure at adjacent positions on thephenyl ring, wherein R¹⁹ represents a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, or R¹¹ and R¹²represent a combination of an amino group and a nitro group whichsubstitute at adjacent positions on the phenyl ring; and R¹³ representshydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and R¹⁴ represents hydrogen atom or anacyl group.

Still further, the present invention is directed to a method formeasuring nitrogen monoxide which comprises:

reacting a compound represented by formula (I′) with nitrogen monoxideto form a compound represented by formula (II′);

irradiating the compound represented by formula (II′) with light tocause fluorescence of the irradiated compound; and

measuring the fluorescence;

wherein the compound represented by formula (I′) has the followingformula:

wherein R¹ and R² represent amino groups that substitute at adjacentpositions on the phenyl ring, provided that either of R¹ and R²represents a mono(C₁₋₆ alkyl)-substituted amino group and the otherrepresents an unsubstituted amino group and wherein R³ representshydrogen atom or an alkyl group and R⁴ represents hydrogen atom or anacyl group; and

wherein the compound represented by formula (II′) has the followingformula:

wherein R¹¹ and R¹² combine together to form a group represented by—N═N—N(R¹⁹)— which forms a ring structure at adjacent positions on thephenyl ring, wherein R¹⁹ represents a C₁₋₆ alkyl group, or R¹¹ and R¹²represent a combination of an amino group and a nitro group whichsubstitute at adjacent positions on the phenyl ring; and R¹³ representshydrogen atom or an alkyl group, and R represents hydrogen atom or anacyl group.

The compounds represented by the formula (I) of the present inventionhave a characteristic property that they efficiently react with nitrogenmonoxide under a neutral condition and provide compounds of the formula(II) wherein R¹¹ and R¹² combine together to form the group of—N═N—N(R¹⁹)— which forms a ring structure at adjacent positions on thephenyl ring. The compounds represented by the formula (I), per se, emitalmost no fluorescence when irradiated with excitation light of 495 nmunder a neutral condition, whereas the compounds of the above formula(II) have a property of emitting extremely strong fluorescence(emission: 515 nm) under the same condition. Therefore, nitrogenmonoxide in a living tissue or a cell can be measured by introducing thecompound represented by the formula (I) into a living tissue or a cellto allow the compound react with nitrogen monoxide to form thefluorescent compound represented by the above formula (II), and thenmeasuring fluorescence of said compound. The compounds of the formula(II) formed as described above have an excellent property that they givesubstantially no change in fluorescence intensity from a weakly basicregion of about pH 9 to a weakly acidic region of about pH 6.

The method for measurement of nitrogen monoxide provided by the presentinvention comprises the steps of reacting a compound represented by theabove formula (I) with nitrogen monoxide to form a compound of formula(II), and then measuring fluorescence of the compound of the formula(II). The term “measurement” used in the specification should beconstrued in its broadest sense, which includes measurements for varietyof purposes such as, for example, detection, quantification, qualitativeanalysis and the like. The above reaction can preferably be carried outunder a neutral condition, for example, in the range of from pH 6.0 to8.0, preferably in the range of from pH 6.5 to 7.8, and more preferablyin the range of from pH 6.8 to 7.6. However, the measurements ofnitrogen monoxide according to the present invention are not limited tothose conducted under the neutral range. For example, measurements canalso be performed under a strongly acidic condition such as in gastricmucosal cells.

The compounds wherein R³ and R⁴ are acetyl groups can easily passthrough cellular membranes so as to be taken intracellularly, and thenthey are converted into the compounds wherein R³ and R⁴ are hydrogenatoms after the hydrolysis of the ester of the acetoxy groups. Theresulting dihydroxy compound are highly hydrophilic, and not easilyexcreted extracellularly from the intracellular environment.Accordingly, the compound wherein R and R⁴ are acetyl groups are usefulas an agent for measurement, per se, but useful as a so-called pro-drugfor intracellularly transporting the measuring agent (the compoundwherein R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen atoms) at a high concentration.

The measurement of fluorescence can be carried out according to a knownfluorometry method (see, for example, Wiersma, J. H., Anal. Lett., 3,pp. 123-132, 1970; Sawicki, C. R., Anal. Lett., 4, pp. 761-775, 1971;Damiani, P. and Burini, G., Talanta, 8, pp. 649-652,;1986; Damiani, P.and Burini, G., Talanta, 8, pp. 649-652, 1986; and Misko, T. P., Anal.Biochem., 214, pp. 11-16, 1993). For the nitrogen monoxide measurementaccording to the present invention, for example, irradiation with lightof about 495 nm as excitation light, and measurement of fluorescence ofabout 515 nm may preferably be performed. By using the light having suchwavelength, efficient cut off can be achieved by using a fluorescencefilter provided on an ordinary fluorescence microscope, and measurementwith high 67 can be performed without using a special filter.

Where particularly high sensitive measurement is required, theaforementioned measurement of nitrogen monoxide may be carried out inthe presence of an oxygen source. As the oxygen source, for example,oxygen, ozone, oxide compounds or the like can be used. As the oxygen,dissolved oxygen can generally be used, and if desired, oxygen gas maybe introduced into the reaction system or an agent that can generateoxygen (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) may be added. The oxide compounds arenot particularly limited so long as they have an oxide bond that caneasily be cleaved to release oxygen, e.g., N—O, S—O, or P—O. Forexample, PTIO (2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide,Maeda, H., et al., J. Leuk. Biol., 56, pp. 588-592, 1994; and Akaike,T., et al., Biochemistry, 32, pp. 827-832, i1993) or derivatives thereof(carboxy-PTIO which has carboxyl group introduced at the para-positionof the phenyl group of PTIO), triphenylphosphine oxide, triethylamineoxide or the like can be used.

Among the oxide compounds mentioned above, PTIO and derivatives thereof(e.g., carboxy-PTIO) are particularly preferred compounds, and they canbe readily obtained by those skilled in the art (listed in, for example,Organic Chemicals Catalog, 32, 1994, Tokyo Kasei Co., Ltd.). The oxidecompounds, per se, may be used as a reagent, or those encapsulated inliposomes or the like may also be used. Although the amount of theoxygen source is not particularly limited, preferable amount may be atleast 1 μmol or more, preferably 10-30 μmol, and more preferably about10-20 μmol based on nitrogen monoxide to be measured. For measurement ofsamples from a living body, from 10 to 20 μmol of the oxide compound maypreferably be added to the samples. However, a required amount of theoxygen source is generally supplied by dissolved oxygen. If the amountof oxygen source is extremely small, measuring sensitivity may sometimesbe lowered, and if an extremely large amount of oxygen source exists,emission of fluorescence may be disadvantageously affected. Therefore,it is preferred that an amount of nitrogen monoxide to be measured ispredicted by a preliminary experiment or a known method so that theoxygen source within an appropriate concentration range can be applied.The reaction can be carried out at a temperature of from 10° C. to 25°C.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will be further explained more specifically by wayof the following examples. However, the scope of the present inventionis not limited to these examples. Synthetic scheme of Example 1 is shownbelow.

Example 1 Preparation of4-amino-5-(N-methylamino)-2′,7′-difluoro-3′,6′-dihydroxy-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthen]-3-oneDAF-FM) (a) 2,3-Dimethyl-6-nitroacetanilide (1)

2,3-Dimethyl-6-nitroaniline (25.3 g, 0.152 mol) was dissolved in aceticacid (290 ml), and the solution was added with acetic anhydride (15 ml,0.159 mol) and refluxed for 1 hour. After the solvent was evaporated,the residue was recrystallized from ethanol to obtain the title compound(29.3 g, 98%).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.18 (3H, s); 2.24 (3H, s); 2.39 (3H, s); 7.18(1H, d, J=8.3 Hz); 7.80 (1H, d, J=8.3Hz); 8.46 (1H, s)

(b) 3-Acetamide-4-nitrophthalic acid (2)

2,3-Dimethyl-6-nitroacetanilide (29.2 g, 0.140 mol) was suspended inwater (1 liter), and the suspension was added with MgSO₄ (100 g, 0.831mol) and refluxed, and then added with KMnO₄ (133 g, 0.841 mol)suspended portionwise in water (2 liters in total). The hot reactionmixture was filtered, and the filtrate was added and saturated withsodium chloride. After cooling, the mixture was acidified with cold HCl,and precipitates were collected by filtration. The filtrate wasextracted with ethyl acetate, and the solvent was evaporated to obtainthe title compound (19.6 g, 52%).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 1.97 (3H, s); 7.90 (1H, d, J=8.4Hz); 8.04(1H, d, J=8.4Hz); 10.13 (1H, s); 13.5 (2H, br)

(c) 3-Acetamido-4-nitrophthalic anhydride (3)

3-Acetamido-4-nitrophthalic acid (0.538 g, 2.00 mmol) was dissolved inacetic anhydride (10 ml) at 80° C., and the solution was added withacetyl chloride (1 ml) and stirred for 2 hours. The solvent wasevaporated, and a small amount of anhydrous dichloromethane was added tothe residue, and precipitates were collected by filtration to obtain thetitle compound (0.29 g, 58%).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.35 (3H, s); 7.89 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz); 8.45(1H, d, J=8.2 Hz); 9.01 (1H, s)

(d)4-Amino-5-nitro-2′,7′-difluoro-3′,6′-dihydroxy-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthen]-3-one(4: 3-amino-4-nitrodifluorofluorescein)

3-Acetamido-4-nitrophthalic anhydride (1.3 g, 5.0 mmol) and4-fluororesorcinol (1.3 g, 10 mmol) were added to methanesulfonic acid(10 ml), and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. under an argon atmospherefor 60 hours. The reaction mixture was added with water (120 ml) andrefluxed for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 2, andprecipitates were collected by filtration. The obtained product wasdried and purified by silica gel chromatography (3% methanol/97%dichloromethane, v/v) to obtain the title compound (1.3 g, 61%).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 6.40 (d, 1H, J=8.6); 6.87 (d, 2H, J=7.3 Hz);6.89 (d, 2H, J=11.3 Hz); 7.95 (br, 2H); 8.36 (d, 1H, J=8.6 Hz); 10.8(br, 2H)

(e)4,5-Diamino-2′,7′-difluoro-3′,6′-dihydroxy-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]-xanthen]-3-one(5: 3,4-diaminodifluorofluorescein) (DAF-7)

4-Amino-5-nitro-2′,7′-difluoro-3′,6′-dihydroxy-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthen]-3-one(1.3 g, 3.0 mmol) was added to an aqueous solution of Na₂S and NaSH, andthe mixture was refluxed for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled,and adjusted to pH 3 with hydrochloric acid, and precipitates werecollected by filtration. The obtained product was dried and purified bysilica gel chromatography to obtain the title compound (0.94 g, 78%).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 5.10 (s, 2H); 5.94 (s, 2H); 6.11 (d, 1H,J=7.9Hz); 6.48 (d, 2H, J=11.3Hz); 6.81 (d, 1H, J=7.9Hz); 6.83 (d, 2H,J=7.5 Hz); 10.6 (br, 2H)

(f)4-Amino-5-(N-methylamino)-2′,7′-difluoro-3′,6′-dihydroxy-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthen]-3-one(6: DAF-FM)

DAF-7 (0.94 g, 2.4 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (200 ml), and thesolution was added with methyl iodide and stirred at 80° C. under argonatmosphere for 3 hours. The product was purified by silica gelchromatography and preparative TLC to obtain the title compound (0.15 g,15%). The compound was further purified by recrystallization frommethanol.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 2.79 (d, 3H, J=4.6 Hz); 5.32 (q, 1H,J=4.6Hz); 6.05 (s, 2H); 6.23 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz); 6.48 (d, 2H, J=11.3 Hz);6.65 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz); 6.83 (d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz); 10.6 (br, 2H)

MS m/z 412(M+)

m.p. 265° C.

EA for C₂₁H₁₄F₂N₂O₅.CH₄O

Calcd.: C, 59.46; H, 4.08; N, 6.31.

Found: C, 59.45; H, 3.78; N, 6.02.

(g)4,5-Diamino-3′,6′-bis(acetyloxy)-2′,7′-difluoro-spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]-xanthen]-3-one(7: DAF-FM DA)

Acetic anhydride (52 ml, 0.55 mmol) was added to DAF-FM (94 mg, 0.23mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (84 mg, 0.26 mmol) suspended in acetonitrile (20 ml),and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Thereaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and theresidue was purified by silica gel chromatography (84 mg, 75%). Theproduct was further recrystallized from 2-isopropanol to obtain thetitle compound.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 2.34 (s, 6H); 2.93 (s, 3H); 3.40 (br, 1H);5.05 (s, 2H); 6.48 (d, 1H, J=7.9 Hz); 6.73 (d, 2H, J=10.1 Hz); 6.87 (d,1H, J=7.9 Hz); 7.09 (d, 2H, J=6.2 Hz)

MS m/z 496(M+)

m.p. 135° C.

EA for C₂₅H₁₈F₂N₂O₇.C₃H₈O.0.1H₂O

Calcd.: C, 60.23; H, 4.73; N, 5.02.

Found: C, 60.01; H, 4.43; N, 5.00.

(h)2″,7″-Difluoro-3″,6″-dihydroxy-spiro[1′-methyltriazolo[4′,5′:4,5]isobenzofuran-1(3H),9″-[9H]xanthen]-3-one(8: DAF-FM T)

DAF-FM (27 mg, 65 mmol) was dissolved in methanol and bubbled withnitrogen monoxide gas. The solvent was evaporated, and the residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography (10% methanol/90% dichloromethanev/v, 0.02% acetate, v/v). The obtained product was dissolved in a smallamount of 2 N NaOH aqueous solution, and the solution was adjusted to pH3-4 with hydrochloric acid. The precipitates were collected byfiltration and dried to obtain the title compound (13 mg, 48%).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ 4.50 (s, 3H); 6.69 (d, 2H, J=11.2 Hz);6.94 (d, 2H, J=7.5); 7.41 (d, 1H, J=8.6); 8.25 (d, 1H, J=8.6Hz); 9.6(br, 2H)

MS m/z 423 (M+)

m.p. >300° C.

Example 2 pH Characteristics of DAF-FM T

Triazole derivatives prepared by the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,874,590 (DAF-2T and DAF-5T, the structures thereof are shown below)and DAF-FM T were dissolved at 1 μM in sodium phosphate buffers adjustedto each of the pH values, and fluorescence intensity was measured. Theexcitation wavelength and fluorescence wavelength were 495-515 (nm) forDAF-2T, 505-520 (nm) for DAF-5T and 495-515 (nm) for DAF-FMT,respectively. The results are shown in FIG. 1. As a result, pKa of thehydroxyl group was 6.27 for DAF-2T, 4.59 for DAF-5T, and 4.38 forDAF-FMT, respectively, and pKa of the proton of the triazole ring was7.94 for DAF-2T and 7.41 for DAF-5T. As for DAF-FM T, a dissociableproton was not present in the triazole ring, and therefore the compoundwas not influenced by pKa and it gave a constant fluorescence intensityat pH 5.8 or higher.

Example 3 Photostability of DAF-FM T

Photostability of the triazole derivatives produced by the methoddisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,590 (DAF-1T, DAF-2T, DAF-4T and DAF-5T,the structures thereof are shown below) and DAF-FM T was tested bydirect irradiation with sunlight. The dyes were each dissolved in 0.1 Msodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at a concentration of 1 μM, and thesolution was put into vials and exposed to direct sunlight under fineweather for a certain period of time. Samples were collected from thesolutions, and fluorescence intensity was measured and compared withrespective initial values. The results are shown in FIG. 2. DAF-FM T ofthe present invention had higher photostability than the other triazolecompounds.

Example 4 Measurement of Extracellularly Produced Nitrogen Monoxide

Bovine aorta endothelial cells were cultured, and the cells were removedwith trypsin and collected by centrifugation, and then suspended in 2 mlof PBS(+) in which DAF-FM (7 μM) was dissolved. These cells weretransferred to a cell for fluorescence measurement, and fluorescenceintensity was measured (Ex.: 500 nm, Em.: 515 nm) at 37° C. withstirring. The cells were stimulated with a calcium ionophore A23187during the measurement so that the cells generated nitrogen monoxide.The results are shown in FIG. 3. As control experiments, an inhibitor ofnitrogen monoxide synthetase was added after the above measurement, oralternatively, the measurement was performed in the presence of theinhibitor from the beginning. The cease of increase of fluorescence wasobserved, which verified that the increase of fluorescence intensity wascaused by nitrogen monoxide.

Example 5 Imaging of Intracellular Nitrogen Monoxide

Bovine aorta endothelial cells were cultured on a dish for imaging. Thecell supernatant was replaced with a solution of DAF-FM DA (10 μM) inPBS(+) (containing 0.2% DMSO) to load the dye on the cells at 37° C. forabout 1 hour. After the cells were washed, the PBS(+) was replaced withPBS(+) not containing the dye, and the cells were observed by afluorescence microscope provided with an excitation filter (490 nm),dichronic mirror (505 nm), and barrier filter (515 nm (long pass)). Themeasurement was performed in an incubator kept at 37° C. Imaginginterval was set to 10 seconds, and images taken by a cooledcharge-coupled device camera were analyzed by an image analyzer. Theresults are shown in FIG. 4. The results shown in the figure areindicated by averages of relative fluorescence intensities of sevenarbitrary cells based on fluorescence intensities at the start of themeasurement obtained. The fluorescence intensity was increased bystimulation with bradykinin, and the increase was suppressed in thepresence of the inhibitor of nitrogen monoxide synthetase, whichindicates that intracellular nitrogen monoxide was successfully imaged.The data of imaged fluorescence intensity were obtained in a similarmanner.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The compounds of the present invention are useful as an agent fornitrogen monoxide measurement. The compounds of the formula (I) of thepresent invention have a property of efficiently reacting with nitrogenmonoxide to give the fluorescent compounds of the formula (II). Thecompounds of the formula (II) have characteristic features in that theyemit strong fluorescence by irradiation of excitation light having along wavelength which does not cause damages to living tissues andcells, and that their fluorescence intensity is not substantiallyinfluenced by pH and they have excellent photostability.

1. A method for measuring nitrogen monoxide in a sample comprising:combining a sample comprising nitrogen monoxide with a compound offormula I′, reacting the compound with nitrogen monoxide to form areaction product having fluorescent properties and measuring afluorescence intensity of the reaction product in the sample; whereinformula I′ is:

and wherein R¹ and R² represent amino groups, provided that at least oneof R¹ and R² represents a mono(C₁₋₆alkyl)-substituted amino group; andR³ and R⁴ independently represent hydrogen or an acyl group.
 2. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen monoxide is generatedby nitrogen monoxide synthetase.
 3. The method according to claim 1,wherein the sample comprises living tissue comprising cells having anextracellular and an intracellular space.
 4. The method according toclaim 3, wherein the compound of formula I′ is present in theintracellular space.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein themeasurement of fluorescence intensity is an indicator of intracellularnitrogen monoxide synthetase activity.
 6. The method according to claim3, wherein the at least one compound is present in the extracellularspace and the measurement of fluorescence intensity is an indicator ofextracellular nitrogen monoxide activity.
 7. The method according toclaim 3, wherein at least two compounds of formula I′ are simultaneouslymeasuring nitrogen monoxide presence in the intracellular andextracellular space.
 8. The method according to claim 1, whereinmeasuring nitrogen monoxide comprises at least one of detecting thepresence of, and determining a concentration of, nitrogen monoxide. 9.The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises adding anoxygen source to the sample.
 10. A method of measuring an inhibitoryactivity of a test compound on the activity of a nitrogen monoxidesynthetase comprising: adding a compound of formula I′ to at least onesample comprising nitrogen monoxide synthetase; and comparingfluorescence intensity produced by the at least one sample in thepresence and absence of a test compound; wherein formula I′ is:

wherein R¹ and R² represent amino groups, provided that at least one ofR¹ and R² represents a mono(C₁₋₆alkyl)-substituted amino group; and R³and R⁴ independently represent hydrogen or an acyl group.
 11. The methodaccording to claim 10, comprising adding a compound of formula I′ to atleast two samples comprising nitrogen monoxide synthetase, wherein atleast one sample includes the test compound and wherein at least onesample excludes the test compound.
 12. The method according to claim 11,comprising adding a compound of formula I′ to at least three samplescomprising nitrogen monoxide synthetase, wherein at least two samplesinclude the test compound at different concentrations.
 13. The methodaccording to claim 10, wherein the method comprises adding an oxygensource to the sample.
 14. A method for screening a library of testcompounds for inhibitory activity of nitrogen monoxide synthetasecomprising: preparing at least two samples comprising nitrogen monoxidesynthetase, wherein one sample is designated as a control; combining atleast one sample of nitrogen monoxide synthetase with at least one testcompound of the library; adding a compound of formula I′ to eachreaction; measuring a fluorescence intensity of each sample; andcomparing the fluorescence intensity of each sample with thefluorescence intensity of the control reaction; wherein formula I′ is:

wherein R¹ and R² represent amino groups, provided that at least one ofR¹ and R² represents a mono(C₁₋₆alkyl)-substituted amino group; and R³and R⁴ independently represent hydrogen or an acyl group.
 15. The methodaccording to claim 14, wherein the method comprises adding an oxygensource to the sample.
 16. The method according to claim 14, furthercomprising repeating the method for at least one different concentrationfor at least one test compound.